SMILE Lab

Social Mechanisms of Identity, Language, and Experiences

Think political leader — think he or she? A multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes


Journal article


Kim Peters, Alma Jeftić, Timothy Ballard, Steven Zhou, Niklas K. Steffens, Ilke Inceoglu, Michelle K. Ryan, Renata Bongiorno, Alice Eagly, Patrícia Arriaga, Agustin Espinosa, Balazs Aczel, Adeyemi Adetula, Salvatore M. Aglioti, Ece Akca, Emine Akman Direkçi, Zahra Alizadeh, Itziar Alonso-Arbiol, Muhammad Fahizza Amru, John Andre, Raquel António, Uğur Arcagök, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Romina Asadollahpour, Gayane Alberty Asatryan, Muhammed Sukru Aydin, Bülent Aykutoğlu, Parisa Azimisefat, Soufian Azouaghe, Sercan Balım, Gabriel Baník, Krystian Barzykowski, Maja Becker, Nora C. G. Benningstad, Julia Berenguer, Monika Bidzan-Wiącek, Bartosz Błaszczak, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Islam Borinca, Leanne Boucher, Sarah Boukarras, Mustapha Boulahya, Olcay Bozkuş-Demir, Mark J. Brandt, Fabrice Brodard, Hilmar Brohmer, Erin M. Buchanan, Jacek Buczny, Mehmet Fatih Bükün, Moa Bursell, Andrea Buscemi, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt, Angelica Caicedo-Moreno, Cinzia Calluso, Selin Metin Camgöz, Octav Sorin Candel, Thomas Castelain, Pablo Castro-Abril, Müge Cavdan, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Abdelilah Charyate, Jennifer Chavanovanich, Mohammed Cherradi, Peilian Chi, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Shalini Choudhary, Çağla Çınar, Heather M. Claypool, Sharon Coen, W. Matthew Collins, Nadia Sarai Corral-Frías, Cleno Couto, Mioara Cristea, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, Anna Dalla Rosa, Trac Vu Dang, Maria Giovanna Devetag, Bojana M. Dinić, Terence D. Dores Cruz, Andrei Dumbravă, Julia Dykla-Bień, Clare Ellen Edge, Sina Eftekhari, Youssef El Mottaleb, Christian T. Elbæk, Cécile Emery, Simona Epure, Thomas R. Evans, Zuzanna Farny, Shameem Fatima, Mario Muhammad Noer Fauzan, Katharina Fellnhofer, Tommaso Feraco, Ángela Fernández-Canseco, Ludovic Ferrand, Paulo Roberto dos Santos Ferreira, Silvia Filippi, Sam Fluit, Raquel Meister Ko Freitag, Martha Frias-Armenta, Althea Frisanco, Katalin Füzér, Linda Isis Garcia-Estrada, Karla Alejandra Garduño-Realivazquez, Agata Gasiorowska, Janet Geipel, Sophie Gerdel, Isabella Giammusso, Vaitsa Giannouli, Konstantinos Giannoulis, Fenne J. J. Gijzen, Magali Ginet, Lola Girerd, Ilka Helene Gleibs, Hendrik Godbersen, Taylor Gogan, Leticia Horbach Gonçalves, Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Franca Grafe, Hedy Greijdanus, Rashmi Gupta, Hande Guzel, Pascal Gygax, Constantinos Hadjichristidis, Soufiane Haffou, Marius Duhović Hafstad, Mina Hagen, Peter Halama, Emma Halfmann, Paul H. P. Hanel, Eric M. Hansen, Adriana Hanulíková, Samantha M. Harris, Claire M. Hart, Levke Henningsen, Pentti Henttonen, Gabriela Hofer, Caan Hollenbach, Xiaoya Huang, Joevarian Hudiyana, Kotomi Ideishi, Izabella Ilea, Hirotaka Imada, Moritz Ingendahl, Natalia C. Irrazabal, Chris Isloi, Izuchukwu Lawrence G. Ndukaihe, Lea Jakob, Kigobe Janeth, Hansori Jang, Candela I. Jantus, Juan Rafael Juarez, Nina M. Junker, Pavol Kačmár, Asahi Kanisawa, Alper Karababa, Muhammed Enes Karacoşkun, Gizem Karadeniz, Karlijn Massar, Ahmed Khaoudi, Ji Hye Kim, Mikyoung Kim, SeungMin Kim, Andrew Kloeden, Nadine Knab, Michal Kohút, Büşra Kök, Marta Kowal, Tomas Kratochvil, Clara Kulich, Eva Kundtová Klocová, Bahtım Kütük, Anna O. Kuzminska, Duc Anh La, Kelly Ka Lai Lam, Claus Lamm, Jose M. León-Pérez, Badolo Bawala Léopold, Savannah C. Lewis, Claire Linares, Delila Lisica, Zhiyu Liu, Morgana Lizzio-Wilson, Wilson López-López, Winnifred R. Louis, Jackson G. Lu, Jessica Mesmer-Magnus, Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Annette Malapally, Klara Malinakova, Winfrida Saimon Malingumu, Nihal Mamatoğlu, Nguyen Duc Manh, Diego Manríquez-Robles, Efisio Manunta, João Mariano, Chloé Marie, Marco Marozzi, Magdalena A. Marszałek, Edurne Martinez-Moreno, Delphine Martinot, Marcel Martončik, Yuya Maruo, Katarina Mašić Đonlić, Buffie McCue-Quinn, Anahita Mehdinejad, Ezgi Mehmetoglu Comert, Zdenek Meier, Ewout H. Meijer, Ethan Meimoun, Yuliana G. Melkumyan, Julie Mellul, Irem Metin-Orta, Linaja Mikalonis, Alberto Mirisola, Katarina Mišetić, Michal Misiak, Maria Montefinese, Nicole Moore, Mahmoud Moradi, Eva Moreno-Bella, Lamya Mouhssine, Annakarina Mundorf, Houdaifa Nadif, Joaquin Navajas, Eduardo Navarrete, Brett H. Neely, Thuc Hien T. Nguyen, Thi Loan Nguyen, Elena-Gabriela Balint, Milica Ninković, J. Lukas Thürmer, Lukas Novak, Annika Nübold, Armelle Nugier, Ellen K. Nyhus, Boglarka Nyul, Brian A. O'Shea, William G. Obenauer, Chisom E. Ogbonnaya, Oluyinka Ojedokun, Josefine Østergaard R. Pedersen, Begum Otken, Tobias Otterbring, Nestor Motemba Ouoba, Fatih Özdemir, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Gökçe Özkılıçcı, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Freya L. Pedersen, Ivana Pedović, Marija Pejičić, Mehmet Peker, Sofia Pelica, Narumol Petchthip, Aino Petterson, Stefan Pfattheicher, Ivana Piterová, Ekaterina Pronizius, Oara Prundeanu, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda, Alain Quiamzade, Jannes Luka Rebel, Sandrine Redersdorff, Sara Redlingshöfer, Sylwiusz Retowski, Andres Felipe Reyes, Azalea Reyes-Aguilar, Gianni Ribeiro, Gabriela Řičařová, Céline Robert, S. Craig Roberts, Marta A. Roczniewska, Jan Philipp Röer, Anette Rohmann, Erika J. Rosenberger, Robert M. Ross, Leopold Helmut Otto Roth, Susana Ruiz-Fernandez, Shawn M. Russell, Shaho Sabbar, Fatima Zahra Sahli, Guro R. Sanden, Costanza Scaffidi Abbate, Sarina J. Schäfer, Kathleen Schmidt, Julia Schnepf, Sebastian L. Schorch, Sofía Schwartz-Salazar, Karolina Aleksandra Scigala, Ingvild Müller Seljeseth, Esra Cansu Şen-Gümüştaş, Amir Sepehri, Astghik Serobyan, Shaul Shalvi, Anna Siegler, Michal Silberg, Slavka Silberg, Emina Sinanović, Samuel Liljaharju, Lea Skewes, Adam R. Smith, Çağlar Solak, Fatih Sonmez, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Piotr Sorokowski, Jakub Šrol, Franziska A. Stanke, Andreas Stenling, Ian D. Stephen, Julia Stern, Daniel Storage, Anna M. Studzińska, Jihyun Suh, Caterina Suitner, Barnabas Szaszi, Alicja Jadwiga Szmidka, Ewa Szumowska, Olivia B. Szwinge, Susanne Tafvelin, Ruri Takizawa, Hande Tasa, Theodosios Tasios, Peter Tavel, Julian Tejada, Ahmet Temel, Passagorn Tevichapong, Yukari Jessica Tham, Marija Todosijević, Natalia L. Tome, Fernando Tonini, Mathilde H. Tønnesen, Sergio C. Torres, Panagiota Tragantzopoulou, Bastien Trémolière, Jarno Tuominen, Jil Ullenboom, Özden Melis Uluğ, Andreea Ursu, Anna Elisabeth van ’t Veer, David C. Vaidis, Suzanne van Gils, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Marta Vercillo, Michelangelo Vianello, Maria Elena Villarreal Gonzalez, Orsolya Vincze, Vivian dos Santos Miranda, Susanne Vogel, Tomas Vojtisek, Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz, Marek Vranka, Bich-Phuong Vu, Radosław B.Walczak, Guilherme Welter Wendt, Rahmadina Syarafina Wibowo, James S. Williams, Mirella Wojciechowska, Pujith Niel Wood, Deborah J. Wu, Qingyang Wu, Mariel Pauliina Wuolio, Ziqian Xia, Tao Yang, Chunhui Yang, Jane Jingyao Yang, Jinquan Ye, Niyayesh Yousefi-Gerakouhi, Ümran Yüce-Selvi, Whinda Yustisia, Daniela Victoria Zaharia, Inesa Zayets, Agata Zdun-Ryżewska, Przemyslaw Zdybek, Xian Zhao, Wang Zheng, Janis H. Zickfeld, Radka Zidkova, Artur Ziółkowski
The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 37, 2026 Dec, p. 101991


Cite

Cite

APA   Click to copy
Peters, K., Jeftić, A., Ballard, T., Zhou, S., Steffens, N. K., Inceoglu, I., … Ziółkowski, A. (2026). Think political leader — think he or she? {A} multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes. The Leadership Quarterly, 37, 101991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991


Chicago/Turabian   Click to copy
Peters, Kim, Alma Jeftić, Timothy Ballard, Steven Zhou, Niklas K. Steffens, Ilke Inceoglu, Michelle K. Ryan, et al. “Think Political Leader — Think He or She? {A} Multi-Country Test of a Gender-Fair Language Intervention to Reduce Gendered Leadership Stereotypes.” The Leadership Quarterly 37 (December 2026): 101991.


MLA   Click to copy
Peters, Kim, et al. “Think Political Leader — Think He or She? {A} Multi-Country Test of a Gender-Fair Language Intervention to Reduce Gendered Leadership Stereotypes.” The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 37, Dec. 2026, p. 101991, doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991.


BibTeX   Click to copy

@article{peters2026a,
  title = {Think political leader — think he or she? {A} multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes},
  year = {2026},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Leadership Quarterly},
  pages = {101991},
  volume = {37},
  doi = {10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991},
  author = {Peters, Kim and Jeftić, Alma and Ballard, Timothy and Zhou, Steven and Steffens, Niklas K. and Inceoglu, Ilke and Ryan, Michelle K. and Bongiorno, Renata and Eagly, Alice and Arriaga, Patrícia and Espinosa, Agustin and Aczel, Balazs and Adetula, Adeyemi and Aglioti, Salvatore M. and Akca, Ece and Direkçi, Emine Akman and Alizadeh, Zahra and Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar and Amru, Muhammad Fahizza and Andre, John and António, Raquel and Arcagök, Uğur and Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom and Asadollahpour, Romina and Asatryan, Gayane Alberty and Aydin, Muhammed Sukru and Aykutoğlu, Bülent and Azimisefat, Parisa and Azouaghe, Soufian and Balım, Sercan and Baník, Gabriel and Barzykowski, Krystian and Becker, Maja and Benningstad, Nora C. G. and Berenguer, Julia and Bidzan-Wiącek, Monika and Błaszczak, Bartosz and Rodrigues, Ricardo Borges and Borinca, Islam and Boucher, Leanne and Boukarras, Sarah and Boulahya, Mustapha and Bozkuş-Demir, Olcay and Brandt, Mark J. and Brodard, Fabrice and Brohmer, Hilmar and Buchanan, Erin M. and Buczny, Jacek and Bükün, Mehmet Fatih and Bursell, Moa and Buscemi, Andrea and Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa and Caicedo-Moreno, Angelica and Calluso, Cinzia and Camgöz, Selin Metin and Candel, Octav Sorin and Castelain, Thomas and Castro-Abril, Pablo and Cavdan, Müge and Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin and Charyate, Abdelilah and Chavanovanich, Jennifer and Cherradi, Mohammed and Chi, Peilian and Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit and Choudhary, Shalini and Çınar, Çağla and Claypool, Heather M. and Coen, Sharon and Collins, W. Matthew and Corral-Frías, Nadia Sarai and Couto, Cleno and Cristea, Mioara and Cyrus-Lai, Wilson and Rosa, Anna Dalla and Dang, Trac Vu and Devetag, Maria Giovanna and Dinić, Bojana M. and Dores Cruz, Terence D. and Dumbravă, Andrei and Dykla-Bień, Julia and Edge, Clare Ellen and Eftekhari, Sina and El Mottaleb, Youssef and Elbæk, Christian T. and Emery, Cécile and Epure, Simona and Evans, Thomas R. and Farny, Zuzanna and Fatima, Shameem and Fauzan, Mario Muhammad Noer and Fellnhofer, Katharina and Feraco, Tommaso and Fernández-Canseco, Ángela and Ferrand, Ludovic and dos Santos Ferreira, Paulo Roberto and Filippi, Silvia and Fluit, Sam and Freitag, Raquel Meister Ko and Frias-Armenta, Martha and Frisanco, Althea and Füzér, Katalin and Garcia-Estrada, Linda Isis and Garduño-Realivazquez, Karla Alejandra and Gasiorowska, Agata and Geipel, Janet and Gerdel, Sophie and Giammusso, Isabella and Giannouli, Vaitsa and Giannoulis, Konstantinos and Gijzen, Fenne J. J. and Ginet, Magali and Girerd, Lola and Gleibs, Ilka Helene and Godbersen, Hendrik and Gogan, Taylor and Gonçalves, Leticia Horbach and Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie and Grafe, Franca and Greijdanus, Hedy and Gupta, Rashmi and Guzel, Hande and Gygax, Pascal and Hadjichristidis, Constantinos and Haffou, Soufiane and Hafstad, Marius Duhović and Hagen, Mina and Halama, Peter and Halfmann, Emma and Hanel, Paul H. P. and Hansen, Eric M. and Hanulíková, Adriana and Harris, Samantha M. and Hart, Claire M. and Henningsen, Levke and Henttonen, Pentti and Hofer, Gabriela and Hollenbach, Caan and Huang, Xiaoya and Hudiyana, Joevarian and Ideishi, Kotomi and Ilea, Izabella and Imada, Hirotaka and Ingendahl, Moritz and Irrazabal, Natalia C. and Isloi, Chris and Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu Lawrence G. and Jakob, Lea and Janeth, Kigobe and Jang, Hansori and Jantus, Candela I. and Juarez, Juan Rafael and Junker, Nina M. and Kačmár, Pavol and Kanisawa, Asahi and Karababa, Alper and Karacoşkun, Muhammed Enes and Karadeniz, Gizem and Massar, Karlijn and Khaoudi, Ahmed and Kim, Ji Hye and Kim, Mikyoung and Kim, SeungMin and Kloeden, Andrew and Knab, Nadine and Kohút, Michal and Kök, Büşra and Kowal, Marta and Kratochvil, Tomas and Kulich, Clara and Klocová, Eva Kundtová and Kütük, Bahtım and Kuzminska, Anna O. and La, Duc Anh and Lam, Kelly Ka Lai and Lamm, Claus and León-Pérez, Jose M. and Léopold, Badolo Bawala and Lewis, Savannah C. and Linares, Claire and Lisica, Delila and Liu, Zhiyu and Lizzio-Wilson, Morgana and López-López, Wilson and Louis, Winnifred R. and Lu, Jackson G. and Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica and Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Behrooz and Malapally, Annette and Malinakova, Klara and Malingumu, Winfrida Saimon and Mamatoğlu, Nihal and Manh, Nguyen Duc and Manríquez-Robles, Diego and Manunta, Efisio and Mariano, João and Marie, Chloé and Marozzi, Marco and Marszałek, Magdalena A. and Martinez-Moreno, Edurne and Martinot, Delphine and Martončik, Marcel and Maruo, Yuya and Đonlić, Katarina Mašić and McCue-Quinn, Buffie and Mehdinejad, Anahita and Comert, Ezgi Mehmetoglu and Meier, Zdenek and Meijer, Ewout H. and Meimoun, Ethan and Melkumyan, Yuliana G. and Mellul, Julie and Metin-Orta, Irem and Mikalonis, Linaja and Mirisola, Alberto and Mišetić, Katarina and Misiak, Michal and Montefinese, Maria and Moore, Nicole and Moradi, Mahmoud and Moreno-Bella, Eva and Mouhssine, Lamya and Mundorf, Annakarina and Nadif, Houdaifa and Navajas, Joaquin and Navarrete, Eduardo and Neely, Brett H. and Nguyen, Thuc Hien T. and Nguyen, Thi Loan and Balint, Elena-Gabriela and Ninković, Milica and Thürmer, J. Lukas and Novak, Lukas and Nübold, Annika and Nugier, Armelle and Nyhus, Ellen K. and Nyul, Boglarka and O'Shea, Brian A. and Obenauer, William G. and Ogbonnaya, Chisom E. and Ojedokun, Oluyinka and Pedersen, Josefine Østergaard R. and Otken, Begum and Otterbring, Tobias and Ouoba, Nestor Motemba and Özdemir, Fatih and Özdoğru, Asil Ali and Özkılıçcı, Gökçe and Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola and Pedersen, Freya L. and Pedović, Ivana and Pejičić, Marija and Peker, Mehmet and Pelica, Sofia and Petchthip, Narumol and Petterson, Aino and Pfattheicher, Stefan and Piterová, Ivana and Pronizius, Ekaterina and Prundeanu, Oara and Pypno-Blajda, Katarzyna and Quiamzade, Alain and Rebel, Jannes Luka and Redersdorff, Sandrine and Redlingshöfer, Sara and Retowski, Sylwiusz and Reyes, Andres Felipe and Reyes-Aguilar, Azalea and Ribeiro, Gianni and Řičařová, Gabriela and Robert, Céline and Roberts, S. Craig and Roczniewska, Marta A. and Röer, Jan Philipp and Rohmann, Anette and Rosenberger, Erika J. and Ross, Robert M. and Roth, Leopold Helmut Otto and Ruiz-Fernandez, Susana and Russell, Shawn M. and Sabbar, Shaho and Sahli, Fatima Zahra and Sanden, Guro R. and Abbate, Costanza Scaffidi and Schäfer, Sarina J. and Schmidt, Kathleen and Schnepf, Julia and Schorch, Sebastian L. and Schwartz-Salazar, Sofía and Scigala, Karolina Aleksandra and Seljeseth, Ingvild Müller and Şen-Gümüştaş, Esra Cansu and Sepehri, Amir and Serobyan, Astghik and Shalvi, Shaul and Siegler, Anna and Silberg, Michal and Silberg, Slavka and Sinanović, Emina and Liljaharju, Samuel and Skewes, Lea and Smith, Adam R. and Solak, Çağlar and Sonmez, Fatih and Sorokowska, Agnieszka and Sorokowski, Piotr and Šrol, Jakub and Stanke, Franziska A. and Stenling, Andreas and Stephen, Ian D. and Stern, Julia and Storage, Daniel and Studzińska, Anna M. and Suh, Jihyun and Suitner, Caterina and Szaszi, Barnabas and Szmidka, Alicja Jadwiga and Szumowska, Ewa and Szwinge, Olivia B. and Tafvelin, Susanne and Takizawa, Ruri and Tasa, Hande and Tasios, Theodosios and Tavel, Peter and Tejada, Julian and Temel, Ahmet and Tevichapong, Passagorn and Tham, Yukari Jessica and Todosijević, Marija and Tome, Natalia L. and Tonini, Fernando and Tønnesen, Mathilde H. and Torres, Sergio C. and Tragantzopoulou, Panagiota and Trémolière, Bastien and Tuominen, Jarno and Ullenboom, Jil and Uluğ, Özden Melis and Ursu, Andreea and Veer, Anna Elisabeth van ’t and Vaidis, David C. and van Gils, Suzanne and Vaughn, Leigh Ann and Vercillo, Marta and Vianello, Michelangelo and Gonzalez, Maria Elena Villarreal and Vincze, Orsolya and dos Santos Miranda, Vivian and Vogel, Susanne and Vojtisek, Tomas and von Thiele Schwarz, Ulrica and Vranka, Marek and Vu, Bich-Phuong and B.Walczak, Radosław and Wendt, Guilherme Welter and Wibowo, Rahmadina Syarafina and Williams, James S. and Wojciechowska, Mirella and Wood, Pujith Niel and Wu, Deborah J. and Wu, Qingyang and Wuolio, Mariel Pauliina and Xia, Ziqian and Yang, Tao and Yang, Chunhui and Yang, Jane Jingyao and Ye, Jinquan and Yousefi-Gerakouhi, Niyayesh and Yüce-Selvi, Ümran and Yustisia, Whinda and Zaharia, Daniela Victoria and Zayets, Inesa and Zdun-Ryżewska, Agata and Zdybek, Przemyslaw and Zhao, Xian and Zheng, Wang and Zickfeld, Janis H. and Zidkova, Radka and Ziółkowski, Artur},
  month_numeric = {12}
}